Watson and the reader Essay Example for Free

Watson and the reader EssayA sanguine herring for the police, which again showed that Mrs Maloney could never kill Patrick, was the feature that she was pregnant and they were about to have a baby to crapher so why would she ant to kill Patrick? Mrs Maloney is always leading the blame of herself. This is tot in ally contrary to The speckle anchor ring because Dr Roylott comes to visit Holmes and is aggressive, violent and out of control which is making Holmes, Watson and the reader that he is capable of killing someone. In the deliver to the slaughter it is doing just the opposite and making the police and the reader think that is wouldnt be able to do such a thing. A nonher occasion where she is leading the police aside from her is when she says I hope you catch him. Again its putting the blame on to a totally different person.I hope you catch him.After we had watched at the clues and red herrings in both stories in great detail we began to compargon the different metho ds of investigation in both stories.When we looked at The speckled mess I noticed that Holmes was very observant in his investigations. Holmes examines every minor detail with great care and does it more(prenominal) than than once. He doesnt have any scientific equipment all he has is a magnify glass. Holmes makes all the decisions whereas Watson follows him and does as he says. Sherlock suspects everyone and everything and relies on his instinct, all this brings him closer to the villain. For example, when he is looking at the Stoke Moran enjoin he looks in great detail at everything especially Dr Roylotts manner and that brings him to the conclusion that the doctor is involved, the iron safe, the milk, the dog lash and the chair with foot prints on.When he talks to Helen he makes her go over the story a few times and asks her questions on it and he makes sure he has got the full story and got it correct. Holmes has resolved many cases even though he has little technology, he has solved over seventy cases. Sherlock uses methods of deduction like I have mentioned, milk, lash, vent, and tam-tam rope and so on.Sherlock discovers motive and method using precise investigation. Holmes causes the murders death by setting the snake covert to the doctors room after it has been hit. Dr Roylott is killed and punished and Holmes has saved Helen Stoner, Holmes has saved the day and everyone is happy.After we has examined The speckled band we looked at the methods of investigation in Lamb to the slaughter they were quite the opposite. In The speckled band Holmes only had himself and a magnify glass whereas in Lamb to the slaughter the police force had forensic scientists, photographers and a lot of men to help with the murder. start a doctor, then two detectives. Later, a police photographer arrived and alikek pictures, and a man who knew about fingerprints.In this way they could get time of death, have more accurate tests and they could do a post-mortem. The spe ckled band and Lamb to the slaughter did have a similarity because both detectives searched the house for clues but in Lamb to the slaughter they we unsuccessful unlike Sherlock Holmes. The police force did not really investigate Mrs Maloney, which isnt very professional. In Lamb to the slaughter the police questioned more people than just Mrs Maloney, for example, the green grocer. In The speckled band Holmes didnt ask anyone else and managed to solve the case but the police in Lamb to the slaughter didnt envision the murderer.In Lamb to the slaughter the police get to examine the body and dont solve the case whereas Holmes doesnt get that opportunity but still solves the case. The police come across some alcoholic drink from Mrs Maloney and then eat the murder weapon. This is very wrong and very unprofessional, and once they have eaten the meat, (murder weapon), they have no chance of resolution the case. Holmes and Watson would never do this and they are very professional and take their job very serious. At the end of Lamb to the slaughter the police do not find the murder weapon when it is right under their noses and Holmes finds out what has killed Julia and he didnt know what he was looking for. When Holmes was investigating there was a lot of red herrings for him. In Lamb to the slaughter there are few and they know what kind of instrument killed Patrick.Her husband, he told her, had been killed by a blow on the back of the head administered with a heavy blunt instrument.If Sherlock Holmes were on Detective Maloneys case he probably would have solved the case because he would look very carefully at the evidence and observe every minor detail. Holmes would have carefully observed Mrs Maloneys actions and mood like he did in The speckled band with Helen Stoner. Also Holmes would have never eaten or drank anything. It might have taken Holmes and Watson longer but I think he would have solved the case in the end.The two stories, The speckled band and Lam b to the slaughter have totally different settings. In The speckled band it is set in the nineteenth century and Helen, Julia and Dr Roylott live in a large house isolated in the countryside. Helen, Julia and the Doctor each have there separate rooms. They are of the upper divide. You can tell this because the house is very large and you can even tell by the name, Stoke Moran.I am Dr Grimsby Roylott, of Stoke Moran. moreover three people lived in the house before Julia died. Although Dr Roylott was of the upper class he didnt have a lot of money, which is the main reason why he murdered Julia and tried to murder Helen.Because it was set in the nineteenth century the transports was much different too nowadays because a car was not a popular as they are today. People had to travel by train and dogcart, which are much slower, compared to the transport in the twentieth century.You could tell that Dr Roylott was of the upper class because of the way he dressed.He costume was a peculiar mixture of the professional and agricultural, having a black top hat, a long frock-coat, and a geminate of high gaiters, with a hunting crop swinging in his hand.As you can see from this quote he dressed professionally but how he wanted. Only the high class would dress to this standard.Dr Roylott, Helen and Julia were not very sociable. You know this because in the story they live in an isolated place, in the country, and nobody likes to get into Dr Roylott way because he is a fierce man and a violent one. You know that the doctor is a violent man because he has a ancient record of throwing a blacksmith into a stream.Last week he hurled the local blacksmith over a parapet into a stream.We then looked at the settings, location and the neighborly conditions in Lamb to the slaughter. We found that it was much different to The speckled band mostly because it was set in a different time to The speckled band. Whereas in The speckled band it was set in the nineteenth century, Lamb to th e slaughter was set in the twentieth century, and the family was a middle class. You knew this because they lived in a conventionalism sized house in a normal neighbourhood with a local green grocer and Patrick Maloney was a police detective.Mr and Mrs Maloney would have shared their own room whereas in The speckled band each person had their separate room. Although the Maloneys are middle class they still had a bit of money. You can tell this because they go out every Thursday and they have plenty of food in the house, also Patrick drinks whiskey, which is quite expensive.If youre too tired to eat out, she went on, its still not too late. There is plenty of meat and stuff in the freezer.Dr Roylott is very cagey because he knows how to hide the evidence from linking him to Julias death but Jack is also clever as he is a detective and has been for some years. Mr and Mrs Maloney are very sociable people because they are known throughout the neighbourhood. The local green grocer, Sam, knows them. hello Sam, she said brightly, smiling at the man behind the counter.You also know that they are very sociable because when Mrs Maloney has murdered Patrick and the police men come she knows them and they shell out her really nice because they know each other. This is nothing like The speckled band because Dr Roylott is very unsociable.Patrick Maloney is smartly dressed because of his job, he dresses in a admit which was smart for when the story is set. You dont know how Mrs Maloney is dressed because it doesnt describe her but I expect she would be dressed quite smartly. This is a similarity to The speckled band because all the characters are dressed smartly.There was a lot of suspense in The speckled band all the way the story. The first dose of study suspense is when Helen stoner has only just left Holmes place after telling about Dr Roylott and Julias death and the doctor walks in furiously. He bursts in the doorstep uninvited and starts to bellow at Holmes askin g about what Helen has been telling him.Holmes just keeps cool and laughs at him when he is calling him. There is suspense here because Dr Roylott is being very violent and aggressive and you dont know what he is going to do. You are asking yourself is going to hit Sherlock Holmes with his hunting crop? You dont know what he is going to do so while you reading the story you are on the edge of your seat.What has she been saying to you? screamed the old man furiously.Ha you put me off, do you? said our new visitor, taking a step forward, and shaking his hunting crop. I know you scoundrel I have heard of you before. You are Holmes the meddler.My helper smiled.This is a very tense section of the story because you just dont have a clue what he is going to do.

Preserve Toothbrushes Essay Example for Free

detain Toothbrushes EssayStrategic planning is an important aspect for any railway line or corporation. Without it, an organization has no way to fall upon a stated goal. They have no way to march towards their vision. In the case of Eric Hudson, an entrepreneur with a vision, he successfully created a business with a goal in mind and implemented a strategic plan to make it happen. Every small business startup has to have some distinctness in order to compete otherwise they will be forced out by big, pre-existing competitors. For concern, this meant identifying and filling a niche in an patience largely consisting of multinational conglomerates. For Eric Hudson, this meant thinking critically, having a plan, and implementing it in order to carry out his vision. Preserve found its niche in environmentally friendly toothbrushes. Preserve created an environmentally friendly toothbrush manufactured from recyc direct plastic. Further enhancing the product was a unique 45 degree angled head designed by Hudsons father, an industrial engineer.At the time, the green movement was largely a niche in itself. While not a first-mover, others were already in the green products intentness Preserve had a modified approach of the second-mover strategy. It did not create the green industry, but it did create a new product. It was often a small mart for green products, and the products that existed were often less effective and of poor quality. However, for Eric Hudson, he made it his vision to provide an environmentally friendly product without sacrificing quality or setance.Initially, Preserves toothbrush was marketed through grassroots movements and sampling. However, it was at one of the sampling events, that an employee from Stonyfield Yogurt, an organic yoghurt company, approached Preserve and relayed the information that they consistently had leftover plastic from producing yogurt containers. With this bit of information, Preserve had a new strategic alliance that provided them with the raw materials to produce its product, and Stonyfield had the ability to promote tself as an environmentally friendly corporation as a result of its efforts. Preserve is a small, niche brand, and like most other small niche brands, their marketing budget pales in comparison to its larger competitors. In Preserves case, they focus on generating publicity to promote and advertise their brand. The best advertisement is free advertisement, and Preserve tends to generate a galvanic pile of magazine articles and television appearances. This in turn generates word of mouth testimonials, the most effective form of advertising.Businesses in general should continually strive to enhance their business model and update their strategic plan. A SWOT analysis is a useful tool for examining a business and how it is meeting its basic mission. By comparability the firms strengths and weaknesses with external opportunities and threats, a SWOT analysis provides managers with a view of the organizations internal and external environments. In turn, this analysis cornerstone be used to determine if the firm is meeting expectations or if it is on track to meet expectations.Preserves director of marketing, C. A. Webb, admits that she doesnt actually perform SWOT analysiss, but certainly uses that form of thinking consistently when implementing new products, distribution channels, designs, or other decisions. In fact, it was this style of thinking that led to Preserve to focus its effort on packaging its unknown product in order to appeal to a more sophisticated market and consumer. It was signifi toleratet to target a specific audience because retailers could not devote large amounts of shelf space to a small brand such as Preserve.So Preserve made it their mission to go up against their large competitors in the only way possibleout marketing them. Business strategy and strategic plans are crucial for any business, small, medium, or large. Preserve certai nly provides an excellent example of the necessity of a strategic plan and how following one basis lead to success, provided the organization has the necessary strengths and environment as can be determined by a SWOT analysis. Preserves success can certainly be attributed to a successful business plan, as well as careful planning. Both are important lessons to be taken outside from Preserves market presence.

Material Wastage on Construction Sites Work

Material Wastage on reflexion Sites WorkMaterial surplus is recognised as a major(ip) dilemma in the wind industry and has important implications. The reflexion industry has been crossed to be generating intolerable levels of bodily pine. This report reviews the causes and vetoions of wastage of materials in the building industry. The report as well as assists clients, of import declargonrs, subcontractors and others who defecate in the whirl industry with advice on how each individual buttocks make a change to help cringe neutralise.1.2. Definition of construction uncivilizedWaste is a common shape and occurrence in the construction industry worldwide. Wastes ar materials that argon not of import products which the initial user has no further use for his/ her wants to dis frame. Waste is measured by size or weight and is unwanted or useless materials. tress snitch can be divided into material, labour and machinery prodigality, however, material superfluity is more of a concern because nearly naked as a jaybird materials come from non- renewable resources. Construction muff is generated by construction activities.2. CAUSES OF CONSTRUCTION WASTE IN THE BUILDING INDUSTRYWaste measurement plays a significant role in the precaution of systems due to its effective way to measure their carrying into action. Building material waste is complex to recycle due to high levels of contamination and a large point in sequence of diametric materials mixed together and usu in all(a)y there is inadequate space for its disposal in large cities.There are seven categories of waste place There is unnecessary movement of people.When there is waiting by employees for equipment to finish its work.Defects in products.The over proceeds of good enoughs that are not exigencyed.Goods awaiting further consumption.un call for transiting of goods.Unnecessary raptus of goods.There are other causes of material wastage such as accidents, working under subopt imal conditions, design of products that do not meet the users needs, theft and vandalism.Along with the causes of indirect waste, material waste may be embodied into buildings since materials are often used in excess of designed quantities or for a antithetic purpose than what is specified, replacing materials for interior quality.It has been noted that material wastage is due to lack of control of materials by contractors. One of the major sources of waste was re of importing over scrap resulting from cutting materials, such as bricks, blocks and sheetrock panels. Most of the waste involved with wood is non- reusable consumables meaning that this material assists in the production deal but do not end as composition of the building. Packaging and improper discussion are also identified as important causes of waste.2.1 Materials and the waste they causeDifferent products and materials are experience waste in different shipway based on sizes, use and specification, this inform ation was discovered by Skoyles (1976), Bossink and Brouwers (1996) and Forsythe and Marsden (1999) poise ReinforcementControlling the use of steel reinforcement on building exposes is difficult due to it being bulky to handle due to its weight and shape. brand name reinforcement is always s centenarian by weight. There are three main reasons for steel reinforcement waste-Short unusable pieces are produced when interdict are cut,Some bars sometimes deliver an excessively large diameter due to fabrication problems and trespassing which leads to theft.Poor structural design in terms of standardization and detailing causing waste due o non- optimized cutting of bars.CementIn- situ production of mortar Cement is usually manually stung in the mixer with the use of incorrect equipment. The lack of information available to construction labour for producing different mixes of mortar.Handling and transportation of mortar This waste is tie in to site layout problems, lack of maintained pathways and use of inadequate equipment.Brickwork joints Due to excessive consumption of mortar in joints, this is caused due to insufficient information available active process standards, inadequate supervisions, variations in the size of blocks and the lack of process standardization.Plaster thickness Due to deviations in the dimensions of structural elements, problems in the incorporation between different designs and the omissions in the designs relating to defining the exact sizes of components such as door frames and blocks.Floor Screed Due to deviations in the concrete slab level in relation to design and the need to inlay pipes in the floor.Sand, lime and Premix MortarSand and mortar are usually delivered in trucks, this may cause additional losses colligate to the lack of control in the delivery operation and the necessary handling demands.Bricks and BlocksThe delivery of material such as the lack of control in the sum up of bricks/ blocks delivered and the damage of the bricks and blocks are causes of waste, however, poor handling and transportation are the main causes. Another factor of waste is the need to cut the blocks and bricks which is due to the modular coordination in design.Ceramic TilesThe main source of waste was the cutting of tiles due to the problems in integration between architectural and structural design. This caused the cutting and wastage of tiles.Pipes and WiresShort, unusable pieces are produced when pipes are cut. Poor envisionning in the distribution of materials does not encourage the replacement of elements by others.Contractors often underestimate the real cost of waste on a project as this is not a clear cost.2.2. Checklist to assess the causes of wasteThe following definelist can be used to assess the causes of waste-Is the tippy memorial complete?Is the design a fixed and agreed design?Is the information provided clear?Is the storage available unassailable and adequate?Is the workforce trained in waste manage ment and waste reducing?Does the programme allow for the work to be carried out without interference with other trades?3. PREVENTIONS OF WASTAGE OF MATERIALSWaste can be avoided by implementing inexpensive preventative methods related to managerial advancements. Some building materials and components use large amounts of non renewable sources of energy and sources that are in danger of exhaustion, such as timber, sand and crushed stone. It has been suggested that human work should be the main focus of waste prevention. The values of materials depend to a vast extent on the work that has been spent on them.In allege to remediate the efficiency of value- adding and non- value adding work, the aim is to eradicate waste by removing non- value adding activities. The control of waste to an unexceptionable level can only be reduced through major improvement in production system conditions.Waste prevention can be successful in many forms, such as-By purchasing durable, long- lasting ma terials,Setting out to remove raw materials that are not incorporated into the final product or service,The use of products that are free of toxic material,By reducing the amount of packaging materials,Conserving water, energy or both,Implementation of in- process recycling.Waste prevention is a known as business dodging from which, any company can benefit.Waste prevention can be a routine part of daily business. The following basic steps can be taken-Determining What Wastes you generateAll waste streams need to be examined, including process wastes, hazardous wastes, non- hazardous wastes, solid wastes and office waste. By looking into bins, one can determine what materials are being thrown away.Each waste stream must be characterized to help determine the source of the waste, what processes generate it and how much is being dispose.Identifying Waste Prevention MeasuresAll wastes should be evaluated for probable decrease. regain how you can reduce each waste, evaluate your purc hasing policies and determine what you can re-use.Production changes that would potentially improve efficiency, equipment, piping and layout changes should be identified.Resources that may help maneuver a waste reduction assessment at a business should be identified.Priorities and goals should be setPrioritize waste prevention opportunities by considering cost, requital and increased employee safety.Attainable goals should be set.Get StartedEmployees should be taught some how to reduce waste and waste prevention activities should be promoted. Encourage employees by offering incentives.3.1. recycleRecycling is a process whereby materials that would have become waste, are transformed into new materials and products.By using more recycled or reused materials on a construction project, overall costs can be reduced.In recycling, used materials or waste are transformed into new products to prevent waste of potentially helpful materials to help reduce consumption of fresh raw materials , to help reduce energy usage, to help reduce air and water pollution and lower greenhouse gas emissions.Recycling is an important part of modern waste reduction and is the third component of the Reduce, utilise, and Recycle waste.Recyclable materials include many different types of glass, paper, metal, moldable, textiles and electronics. The composting or reuse of biodegradable waste such as food or garden waste is not typically considered recycling. Materials that are to be recycled can be taken to a collection centre or picked up from the curb side and then sorted, cleaned and reprocessed into new materials bound for manufacturing.Recycling of a material go out produce a fresh, new supply of the same material. Recycling of goods or materials involves their reuse in producing different materials.Recycling has been a common coif for most of human history. Materials for recycling can be can be sorted into the various types on site, ready for pick up.Copper such as wire, old ste el furnishings, or equipment and glass windows are some of the materials that can be recycled from a construction site.The type of waste materials accepted for recycling, varies from cities and countries depending on the types of materials that city or country can recycle. The difference in acceptance is reflected in the resale value of the material, one it is reprocessed.3.2 Re-usingMany materials from construction can be recovered from demolition and overhaul sites and donated, sold, stored for later use or reused on current or other projects. Private companies sometimes recover materials from the site which can avoid the cost of removal by a contractor. Companies that have storage space available can store good material for future use or for another project.Space, time and equipment can restrict opportunities to reuse materials on smaller projects. Opportunities still exist to import materials from other sites, which may only be available in restrain quantities and therefore b etter suited to small projects.Packaging waste cannot be eliminated or reduced. The most cost effective option with using packaging and the trump option for the environment is to reuse the packaging as many times as possible.Repairing any damaged pallets on site is another way of reusing packaging. The pallets that are not in use can be sold to pallet suppliers. Old polypropylene bags can be used for storing demolition wastes. Large sheets of plastic sheeting can be used as wrapping for materials on site as weather protection.3.3 Successes of prevention methods3.3.1 Monitoring process and waste production changes-Track things such as the volume of waste products.3.3.2 Calculating the savings-Look at savings in handlings, treating and disposals cost.3.3.3 Look at indirect benefits-Try to try the value of less obvious benefits such as reaching new markets and improving public image.3.3.4 Re-evaluate your efforts on a regular basis-As new raw materials and processes are introduced, w aste streams change. Conduct regular assessments of your business to identify additional waste prevention opportunities.4. REDUCTION OF MATERIAL WASTAGE4.1. Advantages of reducing wasteReducing waste means that resources exit be saved. Society benefits from reducing waste by allowing people to limit their usage of a certain privileged in order to conserve it for the future.This can be done effortlessly and doesnt involve any extra equipment or dramatic life changes.Reducing waste testament help communities, contractors and it improves the image of organisations and companies that reduce disposal. A lot of space will also be conserved in existing landfills.4.2. Reasons for reducing wasteThe reduction of waste can be beneficial to many involved in the construction industry. Reducing waste can be a great monetary benefit as waste has a cost. The cost of waste is included in a tender price and paid for by the client. briny contractors have the responsibilities for waste disposal but waste is also generated by sub- contractors. Based on an environmental and a cost perspective, clients, main contractors and sub- contractors have focused on the waste issue. The focus on waste is because of the tremendous escalating applied to landfill tax.Reducing the wastage of materials can also be a benefit to sub- contractors and can result in either a total saving to the project or an increase in project for sub- contractors. There would be a drop in tender prices and a competitive advantage achieved. Sub- contractors are to benefit from using their materials more efficiently. If sub- contractors show initiative to support and engage waste reduction measures, they can improve their chances of being known as preferred bidders as they can help main contractors meet their waste targets.In order for sub- contractors to reap the benefits from reduced material waste, they have to be pro- active.Reducing wastage material is also a benefit to clients and contractors. The cost of wast e built into project tenders are paid for by clients. A reduced cost for the project can be achieved by reducing the volume of waste generated. The cost saving from projects can be shared amongst main contractors, sub- contractors and clients.Minimising environmental damage means less quantity of landfill space used and reduced environmental impacts associated with extracting, transporting and manufacturing the raw materials.At a corporate level, reducing waste can bring the following benefits to clients, main contractors and sub- contractors-It demonstrates commitment to sustainability.It reduces the organisations carbon printEngenders a culture of material efficiency in all project activities.It provides certify of environmental policies being put into place.Prevention of wastage of materials and recycling of waste reduces exhaustion of natural resources such as trees, oil and minerals.Sub- contractors should consider the following to reduce waste-Use safe and secure storageDevel op a strategy that minimises wasteFor moving materials, consider mechanical systems and machineryOff- site manufacture or construction should be consideredMonitor construction activitiesPackaging must be used in an efficient wayPeople must be trained and ameliorate on how to reduce waste4.3. People involved in taking action against reducing wasteWaste is equal responsibility between all parties of the supply chain, starting from the client to the waste contractor. All involved cannot work in isolation to manage waste.4.3.1 ClientsClients need to show initiative and leadership by setting rules and requirements for the proper use of materials and communicating these rules and requirements to the project team. The clients need to ensure that the issues with materials waste are discussed. It is also in the clients best fire to ensure that all people involved are making an effort to reduce waste.4.3.2 Main ContractorsMain contractors have to pass on the information about material waste that the client has given him. The main contractor is to develop a site waste management plan that has estimates of wastes that will be generated. The plan needs to include a strategy to reduce waste. The contractor is to monitor waste data by gathering site waste data and comparability them against site waste data.4.3.3 Sub- ContractorsThe sub- contractor must support the main contractors in order to ensure delivery of the clients requirements. Sub- contractors must provide absolute waste estimates for their trade. Sub- contractors can develop actions to reduce waste and submit their ideas to the main contractors. The efficient and proper use of materials must be managed and controlled by sub- contractors to ensure that waste is minimised. On completion of a project, the sub- contractor must provide accurate data on the amount of waste, how was it generated and how it can be reduced.4.4. Approach to waste reductionSub- contractors can use four stages to reduce waste-PlanningImple mentationReviewImprovement4.4.1.1. PlanningFigure 2Source www.org.uk/constructionThe site management plan is developed by the main contractor during this stage. The waste estimates are developed by sub- contractors. Reductions in waste can be realized by bringing in sub- contractors into the site waste management planning exercise.A waste management plan which is developed by the main contractor should have the following key features-The waste targets that are set by the client,An estimate of the waste that could be generated on site,Solutions to reduce the waste and,Solutions for wastes going to landfillsMain contractors need to ensure that sub- contractors are engaged and challenged on the waste they are likely to generate.Contractors and sub- contractors can manage a process of waste reduction that will allow them to meet the waste targets, if estimates of the quantities of materials and the waste likely to be generated are produced accurately.The following actions can assist th e sub- contractors with reducing waste-Accurate information to be used- when pricing projects, the information used must be up to date, in the correct format and must be accurate.The bumplist can be used to check the quality of information. The check list will include-Are the designs and specifications up to date?Is the latest issue of drawings?Is there any further information needed?Are the drawings in the correct format allowing scaling and printing?Use CAD drawings-Drawings must be available in digital format so that the information is accurate and to scale. This way contractors, sub- contractors and suppliers can have access to the same information and errors can be avoided.Carry out site measurements- if site measurements are carried out, more accurate estimates will be produced.Identifying the causes of waste- all causes must be identified at tender stage.4.4.1.2. ImplementationThe implementation of the waste reduction strategy relates to the construction phase of the project . At the implementation stage, the practical measures to reduce waste on site, which is agreed at planning stage can now be implemented.During construction, waste management and waste reduction measures must be implemented. Contractors and sub- contractors must make sure that the waste management solutions that they proposed are put into action. They must also ensure that their effect is monitored regularly through project reviews.At each project review, reports on waste must be produced to assist the team to check performance and look for opportunities to reduce waste.While the project progresses, as each track is completed, reviews of individual performance should be carried out and feedback provided so that-Sub- contractors can identify how efficient they were on the project.Main contractors can decide which trade moderates what quantity of materials to the waste stream and why.Main contractors and sub- contractors can learn lessons that will enable to improve on reducing waste. Main contractors and sub- contractors can learn lessons which will enable them to improve on reducing waste on projects.An important role in the way waste is generated on site is by construction activities. By main contractors and sub- contractors working together at this stage of the project, obstacles can be distant to increase material efficiency. This can be achieved by taking the following actions-Implement a Waste Minimisation Strategy for the project as part of the Site Waste Management Plan (SWMP) SWMPs will soon become a mandatory requirement for many projects. The SWMP must contain fine measures complying with relevant waste legislation and must also include good practise guidance and objectives in order to maximise reduction, re- use and recovery of construction waste.Develop a logistics strategy that minimises waste- A major contributor to waste is poor logistics. Solutions like just in time delivery, helps reduce damage to materials and products by minimising the tim e they are stored on site.Use safe, suitable and secure storage- For trades f materials that cannot fall under just in time delivery, suitable, safe and secure storage should be provided to avoid damage during storage and moves.Consider mechanical systems and machinery to move materials- This is useful for trades where materials are delivered in large quantities. Mechanical handling of materials will minimise damage and loss of the materials.Off-site manufacture and construction- This will improve efficiency and quality. It minimises the amount of work on site.Monitor and programme construction activities- The activities should be regularly reviewed. Work must be planned to avoid the overlapping of incompatible trades working in the same area.Use packaging in an efficient way- Packaging is one of the largest waste streams in the construction industry. Situations occur were either too much packaging is provided or too less packaging. The ways of reducing or eliminating packaging, nee ds to be investigated by main and sub- contractors.Trade and educate people on how to reduce waste- Personal responsibility needs to be allocated on site for waste reduction. Incentives should be given to people in order for them to reduce waste. homework and tool box talks on waste minimisation must be done to inform workers. There needs to be more interaction between estimators, buyers, site managers and operators.The following best practise activities should also be incorporated in the process of monitoring performance during construction-A site manager should be appointed by main contractors to reduce waste on site. The position does not have to be a full time task. The role and responsibilities must be clearly outlined to the site waste manager.The site waste manager should co- ordinate with sub- contractors to ensure availability of storage conditions.The site waste manager should keep a enrol of all material entering the site in order to reconcile against what has been used. A trade waste manager should be appointed by sub- contractors.In cases where materials are not supplied directly by the main contractors, the sub- contractors must liaise with the Site Waste Manager to make sure that the materials are supplied in an fascinate manner and in the correct quantity.Site Waste managers should monitors costs and the volumes of disposals of materials.4.4.1.3. ReviewFigure 4Source www.org.uk/constructionAs each work box is completed and at the end of a project, a review of waste performance must take place as part of the final broadside and post project review.A review of waste performance should be carried out when each sub- contractor completes their work.Reviewing the data and providing feedback can have benefits such as -Determining whether waste minimisation and management strategy is effective.Find out what works and what doesnt work in reducing waste.Determine how efficient main/ sub- contractors were on the project.Main contractors can look at the trades and the amount of waste it generates.Capture relevant data for future reference.Sub- contractors and main contractors can learn lessons which will assist them in improving the waste performance on projects.Actions that can be taken at the end of projects-Post Completion Reconciliation- making a comparison of the net quantity of materials used with the quantity ordered. The quantity of materials un- used provides a measure of how efficient usages of materials have been. Any reasons should be investigated and recorded.Carry- out reviews of performance against targets- Workshops should be carried out at regular intervals as part of the project reviews to access performance.Record Data- Capturing waste data should be continuous across different project types. This will allow contractors, clients and sub- contractors to decide how efficient material usage is and the effect it had on profit and overall project waste.4.4.1.4. ImprovementFigure 5Source www.org.uk/constructionCompani es can demonstrate best practise and a company- wide commitment to waste minimisation and management for an improved reputation with clients by improving performance. In improving performance, the waste minimisation is the ability to deliver projects for a lower cost which is the main benefit.Actions such as the following can be taken-Share the lessons that have been learnt- A good way to improve performance is to learn from experience. The issues relating to minimisation and managing waste are new and good and bad experiences need to be shared across the construction industry.Promoting Innovation- By finding and identifying new ideas in the field of waste management and minimisation, clients, contractors and sub- contractors can contribute to increasing requirements for reducing construction environmental impact.Raise Awareness- All participants to the construction process can improve their performance on reducing waste, increase fee and by promoting a more sustainable image of t he industry by raising awareness.Demonstrate better financial and environmental results- Contractors and sub- contractors can demonstrate through examples for future tenders and this can provide competitive advantages.5. WASTE MANAGEMENTWaste management is defined as the collection, transportation, processing or disposal, managing and monitoring of waste materials. The term waste management normally relates to materials produced by human activity. This process is generally done to reduce their effect on health and the environment.Waste management is a distinctive practice from resource recovery which forces on delaying the rate of consumption of natural resources. The management of wastes, treats all materials as individual class, whether solid, liquid or hot substances, and tried to reduce the harmful environmental impacts of each through different methods.Waste management practises differ for developed and developing countries, they also differ for urban and rural areas and for i ndustrial and residential producers. Waste management for non- hazardous waste residential and institutional waste in metropolitan areas is usually the responsibility of local anaesthetic government authorities, whilst waste management for non- hazardous commercial and industrial waste is usually the responsibility of the generator.5.1 Waste handling and transportationWaste collection vehicles in South Africa, dustbins and waste sorting moulded plastic are some collection methods. Waste collection methods vay widely among different countries and regions. Areas in the less developed countries, do not have formal waste collection systems.5.2. Waste Management ConceptsThere are a number of different concepts regarding waste management which alter in their usage between countries or regions.Some of the most widely used concepts are-Waste HierarchyThe waste hierarchy refers to Reduce, Reuse and Recycle which are known as the 3 Rs. These classify waste management strategies according to their appeal n terms of waste minimisation. The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of waste management strategies. The aim of the hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste.polluter Pays PrincipalPolluter Pays Principal is a principal where the polluting party pays gor the impact caused to the environment. In regard to waste management, this refers to the requirement for a waste generator to pay for appropriate disposal of the waste.6. HAZARDOUS WASTEA major concern too many countries in the world is hazardous waste. Hazardous wastes are discarded materials that make them potentially harmful to health and safety of humans and the environment.Chemicals, heavy metals or substances generated as by products during commercial manufacturing, discarded paint, thinners, cleaning fluids and batteries can all be included as hazardous waste.Hazardous waste can be in the form of liquids, solids or gases. Hazardous waste sites can pose as a public health threat if the sites are not properly designed or managed. A Hazardous Waste Worker Training Programme (HWWTP) was created to support the Health and Safety of workers who work with hazardous waste.In order to minimize uncontrolled hazardous wastes, all involved in the transportation must comply with the SANS 10406 on Transportation of Dangerous Goods.The objectives of the transportation of Hazardous wastes are-To ensure the correct packaging, temporary storage and collection prior to transportation, to prevent accidental spillage into the environment and minimise the impact if spillage occurs.To ensure that the hazardous waste arrives safely at a permitted facility.To ensure that emergency facilities are in place before accidents occur and the hazardous wastes are correctly marked so as to aid the emergency team.7. CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION dustConstruction and demolition materials consist of the debris generated during the construction,

African Slave Trade and West African Underdevelopment

African Slave Trade and West African Under phylogenyThis root airs at whether the Atlantic knuckle down dole out contri anded to the under nurture of West Africa. The paper argues that the issue of African underdevelopment is extremely knotty, including virtually(prenominal) factors, aside from the Atlantic hard worker mass, that make up contri besidesed, and continue to tot up, to the underdevelopment of Africa. The paper begins with a review of the slave trade, in equipment casualty of the subroutine of people involved in this, and the immediate effects of this trade on local anesthetic economies. The effects of this trade on importation economies is hence reviewed, and it is shown that numerous importing countries benefited considerablely from this trade, through increased labour supply and through m bingletary gains which were whence applied to developing industry in the importing countries. The repercussions of this industrial development atomic number 18 thus discussed, in basis of its effects on Africa.The paper then moves on to look at the effect of the slave trade on Africa, in terms of the demographic imbalances this ca employ, and the effects this had on the development of African countries, in terms of social, g all overnmental and economic development. The paper then moves on to look at the roles, and effects, of the compound piece powers on African countries, in terms of ontogenesis of Africas congenital resources and the immediate and long-lasting effects this has had on Africa, and the act exploitation of Africa, through development loans, for example, which cripple the economies of many African countries, through the massive interest payments required, which leaves little money for investment to develop local industry, or social projects. The paper thus sees African underdevelopment as a holistic problem, involving far-off more than than the slave trade, and having far-reaching implications for future generations of Africans.In addition to looking at the effects of the slave trade on African underdevelopment, the term underdevelopment will be discussed in an African context. As will be seen, Rodney (1972) argues, in his intelligence How europium Underdeveloped Africa, that there is no much(prenominal) thing as underdevelopment, that underdevelopment is not an absence of development, rather that it can only be understood in the context of comparisons, of more developed with less developed nations, for example, and that it is best understood in the context of exploitation, as, for Rodney, most currently underdeveloped countries argon also the countries that are exploited by others, through capitalist, imperialist or colonialist means (Rodney, 1972 p. 110-112). The paper will conclude that capitalist exploitation of Africa began with the slave trade and continues to the present twenty dollar bill-four hours and is, as we energise see, the major factor that was, and continues to be, respon sible for the comparative underdevelopment of African nations. As we own argued, the slave trade per se did not contribute to the comparative underdevelopment of Africa, rather a complex mixture of exploitation, lack of opportunity, and capitalist interests contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa.It is estimated by Curtin (1969) that 9,566,100 slaves were exported from Africa to the Americas and other separate of the Atlantic basin, from its beginning in 1451 to when this trade cease in 1870. Many subsequent researchers suck in, however, provided evidence which shows that this figure is an under- treasurement for example, Stein (1978) has presented a figure slightly twenty per cent higher than Curtins (1969) estimation and Lovejoy (1982) used new calculations, and new shipping data, to put the figure at some 11,698,000. Whatever the exact figure, however, it is clear that demographically, this trade had a massive impact on West Africa, with Thornton (1980) showing that there are marked differences in economic, demographic, political and social development between slave-depleted areas, slave-importing areas and slave-trading areas. The debate that subsequently surrounded Curtins estimation of the number of people involved in the Atlantic slave trade has therefore involved more than more than a disagreement about numbers it rests more, now, on whether the slave trade was actually a contributing factor in the current underdevelopment of West Africa. This paper expands the ideas presented by Curtin (1969), and Thornton (1980), looking at the social, economic and political effects of the slave trade on Africa.Rodney (1972 p9-10) argues very strongly that development is characterised by growth in economic production, equity in the scattering of social product and autonomy in control over social processes, and that, as such, underdevelopment is not a state that can be overcome as backward societies move through the resembling stages of growth as advan ces societies, as, instead, Rodney sees capitalist development and underdevelopment as two sides of the same coin (Legassick, 1976). Rodney argues strongly, throughout his sacred scripture, for African capability, but argues that deeply rooted, externally imposed structural constraints pr all the sameted, and prevents, the further development of African society1 for example, he argues that what he terms the determinative power of the colonial state was one factor that contributed to the underdevelopment of West Africa, not necessarily, therefore, that it was the slave trade per se that contributed wholly to the underdevelopment of West Africa this argument is somewhat supported by Brett (1973), who argues strongly throughout his book that the colonial state armorial bearing prevented industrialisation in the East African countries he studied, arguing that resource allocation guide to peasant agricultural systems enough the dominant invent of agriculture in these countries, for example. It is interesting, then, that both these authors see colonial rule (i.e., political structure) as being the dominant force shaping underdevelopment in Africa, with Brett (1973) arguing that this was the sole factor important in shaping underdevelopment, and Rodney (1972) arguing that colonial rule was but one factor shaping underdevelopment in Africa, in concert with, for example, the demographic skews caused by the slave trade.As such, as Brett (1973) and Rodney (1972) argue, the presence of a colonial power in Africa prevented the development of political structures which would have been contributory to a coherent and holistic development of an industrialised society in Africa without a political structure which supported taxments of the international economy, from an African perspective, and without political power with an African interest, Africa was unexpended high and dry, unable to develop on African terms, and left at the mercy of the colonial political power, wh o made decisions based on their own interests, not decisions that were best, in the short or long term, for Africa. The presence of the colonial power thus, itself, led to the underdevelopment of Africa, politically, which had, and continues to have (as we shall see) massive repercussions for African society, in terms of its economic and social development.This academic argument over the numbers of slaves involved in the slave trade shadows the massive scale of the problem slaves were preferred to be between the ages of fifteen and thirty five, and more men were taken than women, at a ratio of 21, skewing the demographics of the towns and villages from where the slaves were taken (Rodney, 1972). As we have seen, 9,566,100 slaves were exported from Africa to the Americas and other parts of the Atlantic basin, from its beginning in 1451 to when this trade ended in 1870. Many subsequent researchers have, however, provided evidence which shows that this figure is an under-estimation for example, Stein (1978) has presented a figure some twenty per cent higher than Curtins (1969) estimation and Lovejoy (1982) used new calculations, and new shipping data, to put the figure at some 11,698,000.Whatever the number of slaves that were exported, however, the slave trade essentially extracted all of the healthy men, of reproductive age from African countries involved in the slave trade this, essentially, led to a lack of a suitable workforce with which to forge ahead with agricultural, social or technological developments, leading to a lack of internal development within Africa, which, pair off with the import of cheap goods in to Africa from industrialising nations (i.e., the colonial powers) led to the death of the African manufacturing industry. This, coupled with the lack of a coherent African political power with a presence, and an influence in the region, led proposely to the underdevelopment of African countries. In essence, due to the slave trade and the presence of the colonial power, Africa (African leaders) never had a chance to assess itself and to quarter decisions as to how to go forward and develop political, economic or social structures that would have led to economic success.This alone has contributed to the lag in development of Africa, if, indeed it is a lag, if Africa can ever come out of the underdeveloped state it is in, which is a moot point, and which many argue can never happen. This, in conjunction with the massive exploitation of Africas natural resources, such as oil, diamonds, bauxite, copper, by external companies (owned by individuals based within the colonial powers) seeking to make a profit from these resources has, many argue, doomed Africa to perpetual underdevelopment. This, in conjunction with aid loans given by the World Bank, for example, which have left the economies of African countries in massive debt, with the interest, alone, crippling the economies of these countries, has, again, left Africa in a situa tion from which it is difficult to see a recovery, let alone a move towards any form of meaningful economic development. The raping of Africa its people, its resources, its opportunities, is therefore something that has been present throughout its history and which continues to the present day.Thus, not only did the Atlantic slave trade contribute to the underdevelopment of Africa, through the many routes that have already been discussed, but the colonial presence in Africa which led to the raping of Africas natural resources, and the domination of these natural resources by external, foreign, companies, has led directly to underdevelopment. These resources were not available for exploitation by Africans, and so Africans were not able to profit from these resources, and were not able to invest these winnings in growing industry or technological developments. As such, many scholars argue, Africa was, by the very fact of the raping of its natural resources, doomed to underdevelopment . This coupled with crippling levels of debt that have been incurred through developmental aid loans with unfairly high levels of interest, from previous colonial powers, has led to the continued underdevelopment of many African countries. Current campaigns to drop the debt in many African countries may, it has to be said, have come far too late to have much effect, especially when one considers the other, more deadly, scourge which is altering African demographics today HIV, which, it is estimated, culls more of the African population in many African countries than was ever taken by the slave trade. This new demographic threat is even more deadly considering that drugs are available to treat the disease caused by this virus, but that the current colonial powers, and the companies that are protected by laws of these colonial powers, do not allow these drugs to be sold at a reasonable cost to Africa, essentially blocking off a route to treatment, and condemning a whole generation of Africans to death, and through this, condemning Africa to decades, if not centuries, of continued underdevelopment.In light of this historic pattern of the raping of Africa, perhaps the question should not be how did the slave trade contribute to Africas underdevelopment, but, rather, how did the imported slaves contribute to the rapid development of the host countries. For example, African slaves were used in atomic number 79 and silver mining in the Americas, and certainly speeded up Europes technological development, with, for example, English ports involved in the slave trade, such as Liverpool, growing economically with the importing of slaves, and then this economic growth fuelling development in this region which, ultimately, led to the Industrial Revolution. Other specific examples from an English context include individuals who became wealthy through relations in the slave trade who then used this money to conform up in(predicate) firms the Barclays, for example, used m oney earned from the slave trade to set up Barclays Bank, and Lloyds coffee house expand in to Lloyds banking and insurance following involvement in the slave trade. James Watt, of steam engine fame, also pass judgment money from slave traders to fund the development of his steam engine without the slave trade, therefore, many technological developments in Europe, particularly England, would not have happened, and Europe, the world, would not be so well-developed. Imagine a world without the Industrial Revolution it would, ironically, perhaps look something exchangeable Africa looks today.This simplistic analysis of the effects of the importing of slaves is plainly that simplistic, but it shows, in rough terms, how the slave trade contributed to economic development and societal progress in the importing countries. This, then, fuelled the rise, the development, of these societies, at the expense of the exporting countries, fuelling daylong and stricter periods of colonial rule i n the exporting countries, and do yet more underdevelopment in these countries. This process, in concert with massive demographic depletions, which left, realistically, no workforce in some regions of West Africa, contributed to the underdevelopment of these societies, economically, socially and politically, as, we have seen, is argued by Brett (1973) and Rodney (1972)2.In addition, as many current scholars argue, it was, perhaps is, the inability of African societies to come to terms with the consequences of the slave trade that has also held the development of Africa back in realistic terms. For example, many of the African slaves were actually sold to Europeans by Africans themselves, either African leaders or traders, who oftentimes conducted raids to collect (i.e., kidnap) suitable subjects for sale in to slavery. Some of these African slave traders became very rich on the profits of their trade, but, unlike in Europe, as we have seen, these traders did not invest their profi ts in African society or in technological developments they simply used the money for individualized gain and personal interests. The interests of African slave traders in the slave trade, and their reliance on this trade, was shown to be extremely strong following the discussions to abolish this trade much of the opposition to abolition was from African slave traders themselves, who were worried that they would lose out on a massive source of income. Indeed, many did lose income from the Atlantic slave trade and then turned to internal slave trading as a means of generating income. Thus, the slave trade, whilst lessening in volume, did not cease entirely in many African countries, and continued to contribute to a disruption of local societies and to a lack of holistic development of social, political and economic forces within many African societies, in which the slave traders (often rulers, as we have seen) began to act, to take the role of, the colonial power, forging similar pa tterns of underdevelopment to those described by Brett (1973) for colonial powers in Africa.In addition, much of the profit from the slave trade made by African slave traders was not invested in infrastructure or social projects, or in provision for development through technological improvements most of the profits, as we have seen, were invested in arms for warfare or in consumer goods. This flood of consumer goods, produced outside of Africa, in Europe for example, had the effect of destroying the few local industries there were, with the long-term effect of destroying many of the manufacturing industries in Africa and, as such, denying Africans the basic conditions for economic growth. The slave trade did not embolden African societies to enter in to the international economy in a positive way, rather it encouraged Western economic development, through, as we have seen, providing a source of labour and income, and by providing markets for some of the new products that were bein g produced by the Industrial Revolution.This paper will conclude, therefore, that the Atlantic slave trade did not per se cause underdevelopment in Africa, rather that the slave trade is but one piece of a complicated jigsaw of effects that, as a whole, forced Africa in to underdevelopment. The slave trade did take massive numbers of young males out of Africa, thus causing severe depletions in the African workforce, and meaning that the African population growth was curtailed for many years, through lack of breeding, for example3. In addition, the import of a workforce in to Europe caused inflations in the local economies at the importing ports, which had cascade effects on the local areas the slave trade also meant that many individuals became rich, and were able to fund technological developments, which helped to fuel, in part, the Industrial Revolution, for example. This meant that the colonial powers could prevail more effectively and for a more prolonged period meaning that p olitical and social systems of control were not developed internally within the African slave-importing countries, this itself fuelling years of political and social underdevelopment. Thus, many factors, not just the slave trade per se contributed to the underdevelopment of West Africa.A statement such as the Atlantic slave trade contributed to the underdevelopment of West Africa is far too simplistic to describe the whole cascade of effects that were, have been, and continue to be important in the underdevelopment of West Africa. James Baldwins statement, The past is what makes the present coherent, and the past will remain horribly incoherent for as long as we refuse to assess it honestly is particularly apt for the current discussion of this issue. Scholars of different persuasions (whites vs. blacks, Marxists vs. non-Marxists etc) all have their own interpretations of this period of African history, but it is the responsibility of all domain to assess this situation responsibly , to acknowledge the continued underdevelopment of Africa as a global, example, responsibility of all humankind, and not to distort the past and use it to cause continued repression and underdevelopment of this continent. youthful plans, and recent events, for example, leading to the privatisation of water in many African countries is, for example, nothing more than a repeat of colonialism in Africa, a repeat of the raping of Africa, with foreign firms first appearance in to African economies and destroying them water privatisation has been shown, for example, to devastate local economies, through ground-up failures in local businesses who can no longer afford to use water. That this has been allowed to happen is a travesty, an insult to Africa, and to all underdeveloped nations it is a continuation of the exploitation of Africa, its people and its resources, that began at the time of the inception of the slave trade and which continues until the present day. It should ideally be that governments learn from their mistakes through analysis of historical records, not that these mistakes are hidden and ingeminate in future. As Brett (1973) and Rodney (1972) argue strongly, however, money talks more than moral responsibilities, and capitalism will always have two sides one side that wins and another that loses, facing underdevelopment and poverty as a consequence of losing this battle.As we have seen, this paper has looked at whether the Atlantic slave trade contributed to the underdevelopment of West Africa. The paper has argued that the issue of African underdevelopment is extremely complex, including many factors, aside from the Atlantic slave trade, that have contributed, and continue to contribute, to the underdevelopment of Africa. The paper began with a review of the slave trade, in terms of the numbers of people involved in this, and the immediate effects of this trade on local economies. The effects of this trade on importing economies was then reviewe d, and it was shown that many importing countries benefited massively from this trade, through increased labour supply and through financial gains which were then applied to developing industry in the importing countries4.The repercussions of this industrial development were then discussed, in terms of its effects on Africa, showing that local industry was destroyed as a result of cheap imports of textiles, for example, following the manufacturing of this in England following the Industrial Revolution. The paper then moved on to look at the effect of the slave trade on Africa, in terms of the demographic imbalances this caused, and the effects this had on the development of African countries, in terms of social, political and economic development. It was shown that African economic development was held back directly, due to the lack of a workforce and the decline in population growth in Africa over the period the slave trade was active.The paper then moved on to look at the roles, and effects, of the colonial powers on African countries, in terms of exploitation of Africas natural resources and the immediate and long-lasting effects this has had on Africa, and the continuing exploitation of Africa, through development loans, for example, which cripple the economies of many African countries, through the massive interest payments required, which leaves little money for investment to develop local industry, or social projects. The paper thus concludes that African underdevelopment as a holistic problem, involving far more than the slave trade, and having far-reaching implications for future generations of Africans. The future is bleak for Africa, and it should be the responsibility of all mankind to act to improve the chances, the opportunities for, all African children, so that the troll of underdevelopment is not repeated in future. Whether this will happen, however, is dependent on governments, who are run on capitalist principles, and as history has shown us, capitalist, whilst having its shining glories also has a very grisly side, which is, essentially, underdevelopment.As we have seen, in light of this historic pattern of the raping of Africa, perhaps the question should not be how did the slave trade contribute to Africas underdevelopment, but, rather, how did the imported slaves contribute to the rapid development of the host countries. African slaves were used in gold and silver mining in the Americas, harvesting gold and silver, which was then used to develop these countries. Slavery also certainly speeded up Europes technological development, with, for example, English ports involved in the slave trade, such as Liverpool, growing economically with the importing of slaves, and then this economic growth fuelling development in this region, which, ultimately, led to the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution led the world in to industrialisation, or rather, those sections of the world which had political, economic and social systems in place to realise the implications of the Industrial Revolution and to jump on board of it before they got left behind and exploited.As we have seen, other specific examples from an English context include individuals who became wealthy through dealing in the slave trade who then used this money to set up successful firms the Barclays, for example, used money earned from the slave trade to set up Barclays Bank, and Lloyds coffee house expanded in to Lloyds banking and insurance following involvement in the slave trade. James Watt, of steam engine fame, also accepted money from slave traders to fund the development of his steam engine without the slave trade, therefore, many technological developments in Europe, particularly England, would not have happened, and Europe, the world, would not be so well-developed. Thus, there is a direct line linking the slave trade with industrial development in the industrial world. Imagine a world without the Industrial Revolution it would, ironically, perhaps look something like Africa looks today. That Africa was not part of this development, despite the fact that Africans helped fuel this development is a cruelly ironic historical fact.This simplistic analysis of the effects of the importing of slaves is just that simplistic, but it shows, in rough terms, how the slave trade contributed to economic development and societal progress in the importing countries. This, then, fuelled the rise, the development, of these societies, at the expense of the exporting countries, fuelling longer and stricter periods of colonial rule in the exporting countries, and causing yet more underdevelopment in these countries. This process, in concert with massive demographic depletions, which left, realistically, no workforce in some regions of West Africa, contributed to the underdevelopment of these societies, economically, socially and politically, as, we have seen, is argued by Brett (1973) and Rodney (1972). As we have see n, this paper thus concludes that African underdevelopment is a holistic problem, involving far more than the slave trade, and having far-reaching implications for future generations of Africans5.The future is bleak for Africa, and it should be the responsibility of all mankind to act to improve the chances, the opportunities for, all African children, so that the cycle of underdevelopment is not repeated in future. Whether this will happen, however, is dependent on governments, who are run on capitalist principles, and as history has shown us, capitalist, whilst having its shining glories also has a very dark side, which is, essentially, underdevelopment. As we have seen, Rodney argues that there is no such thing as underdevelopment, that underdevelopment is not an absence of development, rather that it can only be understood in the context of comparisons, of more developed with less developed nations, for example, and that it is best understood in the context of exploitation, as, for Rodney, most currently underdeveloped countries are also the countries that are exploited by others, through capitalist, imperialist or colonialist means (Rodney, 1972 p. 110-112). Capitalist exploitation of Africa began with the slave trade and continues to the present day and is, as we have see, the major factor that was, and continues to be, responsible for the comparative underdevelopment of African nations. As we have argued, the slave trade per se did not contribute to the comparative underdevelopment of Africa, rather a complex mixture of exploitation, lack of opportunity, and capitalist interests contributed to the underdevelopment of Africa.That this can be allowed to continue in to the present day is a blight on the whole of mankind, on everyone who allows this to happen, and on everyone who stands by whilst it happens. In this day and age, when children of eight years old have mobile phones and laptop computers in the developed world, it is a travesty that many Africa ns are having to pay for their water, that many Africans die of AIDS because drug companies refuse to sell drugs to Africa at a reasonable cost, that the legacy of colonialism is still alive in Africa, causing continued suffering, death and exploitation. Africa, romantic, beautiful Africa, of sunsets and safaris, is more than that it is a rich country, with strong cultures, the birthplace of mankind, and, as such, it deserves more than continued exploitation. Why should an African childs life story be worth less than an English childs life? In this day and age this modern form of slavery, i.e., lack of opportunity, is as harmful as previous forms of slavery, if not more harmful, and is little more than a repeat of previous forms of slavery, in terms of condemning Africans to a life of misery whilst, all around, everyone else enjoys the benefits of development.BibliographyBrett, E.A., 1973. Colonialism and underdevelopment in East Africa the politics of economic change. London Heine mann Educational Books.Curtin, P.D., 1969. The Atlantic slave trade a census. Madison Wisconsin.Henige, D., 1986. Measuring the inestimable the Atlantic slave trade, West African population and the Pyrrhonian Critic. The Journal of African memorial 27(2), pp.295-313.Legassick, M., 1976. Review article perspectives on African development. Journal of African History 17(3), pp.435-440.Lovejoy, P.E., 1982. The volume of the Atlantic slave trade. The Journal of African History 23(4), pp.473-501.Rodney, W., 1972. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. London Bogle-LOuverture Publications.Stein, R., 1978. Measuring the French slave trade 1713-1792/3. Journal of African history 19(4), pp.515-521.Thornton, J., 1980. The slave trade in eighteenth century Angola effects on demographic structures. Canadian Journal of African Studies 14(3), pp.417-427.1Footnotes1 In the same vein, Rodney argues that there is no such thing as underdevelopment, that underdevelopment is not an absence of development, r ather that it can only be understood in the context of comparisons, of more developed with less developed nations, for example, and that it is best understood in the context of exploitation, as, for Rodney, most currently underdeveloped countries are also the countries that are exploited by others, through capitalist, imperialist or colonialist means (Rodney, 1972 p. 110-112).2 As has been argued, the slave trade essentially extracted all of the healthy men, of reproductive age from African countries involved in the slave trade this, essentially, led to a lack of a suitable workforce with which to forge ahead with agricultural, social or technological developments, leading to a lack of internal development within Africa, which, couple with the import of cheap goods in to Africa from industrialising nations (i.e., the colonial powers) led to the death of the African manufacturing industry. This, coupled with the lack of a coherent African political power with a presence, and an influ ence in the region, led directly to the underdevelopment of African countries. In essence, due to the slave trade and the presence of the colonial power, Africa (African leaders) never had a chance to assess itself and to make decisions as to how to go forward and develop political, economic or social structures that would have led to economic success.3 Rodney, for example, in his book How Europe Underdeveloped Africa shows that whilst the population of Europe quadrupled over the period when the slave trade was functioning, the population of Africa grew by only twenty per cent.4 For example, we have seen specific examples from an English context, including individuals who became wealthy through dealing in the slave trade who then used this money to set up successful firms the Barclays, for example, used money earned from the slave trade to set up Barclays Bank, and Lloyds coffee house expanded in to Lloyds banking and insurance following involvement in the slave trade. We have also seen how James Watt, of steam en

Enhancement of Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting

Enhancement of Photocatalytic Overall Water SplittingEnhancement of photocatalytic overall urine split on H1.9K0.3La0.5Bi0.1Ta2O7 by cargo Pt, Rh(oxide) as co-catalystsWei Chen, Hui Wang, Liqun Mao, Xiaoping Chen, Wenfeng ShangguanAbstractPt and Rh were loaded on protonated layered pervoskite H1.9K0.3La0.5Bi0.1Ta2O7 by an in reconcile photodeposition method. The Rh gist facilitates the O2 evolution and the H2/O2 is close to stoichiometric ratio ( 2). Yet the Pt loading is unable to improve the O2 evolution, although the photocatalytic activity for H2 evolution was enhanced app atomic number 18ntly. The different effect of Pt and Rh on phtocatalytic activity for H2 or O2 evolution is due to the chemical substance states of Pt and Rh on HKLBT. The Pt particles loaded on HKLBT by photodepositon are Pt0, functioning as activity sites for H2 evolution. However, the Rh particles loaded on HKLBT are not alone Rh0, but also RhO2, which provide the activity sites for O2 evolution by mea ns of reducing the overpotential of O2 evolution.1 IntroductionPhotocatalytic piddle carve up has attracted much attention in the past decades for producing clean and renewable hydrogen energy1-3. The photocatalytic water splitting contains both water reduction process(for H2) and water oxidation(for O2) process. Currently, the water oxidation process is consider as a key bottleneck in photocatalytic reaction4. The difficulty of water oxidation is due to the high overpotential of O2 evolution, which is attributed to charge trapping by surface states and slow oxygen evolution kinetics5-7. This is also explaining why some photocatalytic reactions in comminuted water wholly produce H2 without O2 (or H2/O22). Therefore, providing the activity sites for oxygen evolution to reduce the overprotential is a key task on overall water splitting. It has reported that co-catalysts such as NiO8, RuO29, Mn2O310 loading on photocatalysts play an very important role on achieving overall water s plitting by mean of providing the activity sites or inhibiting the occurrence of backward reaction. However, almost all of metallic element oxides loading on photocatalytic materials need heat-treatment, which is harmful to some materials with less heat-resistant, such as protonated layered materials11, metal (oxy)sulfide12 and metal (oxy)nitride13, etc. Recently, Kudo et al14 loaded PbO2 from Pb2+ by a photodeposition method without heat-treatment, indicating that oxides also are loaded by oxidation of photogenerated holes, which will provide us with a feasible way to load metal oxides on photocataytic materials by a photodeposition method.In our previous study, we found that, although protonated layered perovskite H1.9K0.3La0.5Bi0.1Ta2O7 showed high activity for overall water splitting, the ratio of H2/O2 was stoichiometric15,16. In addition, H1.9K0.3La0.5Bi0.1Ta2O7 (HKLBT) possesses weak heat endurance and the heat-treatment would result the collapse of layer structure. Herein, w e report Rh oxide loading on HKLBT by in suit photodepositon to provide the activity sites for Oxygen evolution and enhance photocatalytic water splitting. The chemical sates of Pt, Rh loading on HKLBT are investigated. The effects of co-catalysts on water splitting, especially for oxygen evolution, are also discussed.2 Experimental2.1 Preparation of materialsThe protonated layered perovskite oxides H1.9K0.3La0.5Bi0.1Ta2O7was prepared according to the method presented in our previous papers15. The detail processes are as follows(1)The layered compound K0.5La0.5Bi2Ta2O9 were prepared by the polymerized complex method as follows. 60 mL methanol was used as a solvent to break down 0.006 mol of TaCl5. A large excess of citric acid (CA, 0.09 mol) was added into the methanol final result with continuous stirring. After achieving complete dissolution, 0.006 mol Bi(NO3)35H2O, 0.0015 mol La(NO3)3nH2O, and 0.00825 mol K2CO3 were added to the solution. The concoction was then magnetically s tirred for 1 h to afford a transparent solution and 0.36 mol of ethylene glycol (EG) was added to this solution. Then, the solution was heated at 130 C to promote esterification between EG and CA, yielding brown resin. The resin was then calcined at 350 oC for 1 h to form bare solid mass. The resulting black powder was calcined on an Al2O3 plate at 650 C for 2 h in air, then calcined at 900 C for 6 h to mother K0.5La0.5Bi2Ta2O9 (denoted as KLBT).(2) Proton exchange reaction KLBT (0.8g) was performed in 250 mL of 3 M HCl solution for 72 h at room temperature with replacement of the acid every 24 h, and then the product was washed with deionized water and dried at 60 C for 3 h to remove the water on the surface of potocatalysts to obtain HKLBT.2.2 CharacterizationsThe UV-vis diffuse reflection spectra (DRS) were determined by a UV-vis spectrophotometer UV-2450 (Shimadzu, Japan) and were converted to absorbance by the Kulbelka-Munk method. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) m easurements were conducted using a JEM-2100F (Japan). The surface electronic state was analyze by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Shimadzu-Kratos, Axis Ultra DLD, Japan). All the screen energy (BE) taxs were calibrated by using the standard BE value of contaminant carbon (C1s =284.6 eV) as a reference.2.3 In suit photodeposition and photocataltyic reactionThe in suit photodeposition and photocatalytic reactions were carried out in a 350 ml top radiation syndrome reaction Quartz cell at room temperature and a 250 W high-press Hg lamp was used as the light source. The catalyst powder (50 mg) was suspended in 60 ml aqueous solution containing a certain touchstone of (NH3)4PtCl2 and Rh(NO3)2 solution by magnetic stirring. At initial stage (about 2 h), Pt or Rh species were gradually deposited on the surface of HKLBT. After 2 h, generated gases were analyzed by an on-line GC with TCD detector (Huaai, GC9160, chinaware, MS-5A, argon Argon as carrier gas).3 Results and discussi on3.1 UV-vis DRSThe UV-vis diffuse reflection spectra (DRS) of naked HKLBT and Pt (Rh)/HKLBT photocatalyts are shown in form 1. The absorption edges of HKLBT loading Pt or Rh have no notable change. However, after in suit photodeposition, the spectrum longer than 320nm exhibit new weak absorptions, which are ascribe to the adsorption of Pt or Rh(oxides) on the surface of HKLBT. The result indicates co-catalysts loaded on photocatalyst successfully as well.3.2 TEM and XPS analysisThe representative HRTEM images of Rh/HKLBT and Pt/HKLBT are shown in figure 2. Fig 2a shows that the size of the Rh on HKLBT is about 5-10 nm. The lattice fringes of Rh and HKLBT can be observed clearly, suggesting the well-defined crystal structure. The lattice fringes with d spacing of ca. 0.251 nm and 0.184 nm can be assigned to the (101) lattice plane of RhO2 and (002) lattice plane of Rh0, respectively. The result is indicatinged that Rh particles photodeposited on HKLBT contain two different Rh spec ies. The fig 2b shows the lattice fringe with d value of ca. 0.197 nm corresponds to the (200) lattice plane of Pt0, suggesting that Pt2+ was photo-reduced to Pt metal by photogenerated electrons instead of being oxideted by holes.The chemical states of Rh and Pt species on HKLBT photocatalysts were investigated by the XPS. Fig 3 shows the Rh 3d (a) and Pt 4f (b) screen energy spectra of Pt/HKLBT and Rh/HKLBT. As shown in Fig 3a, the Rh 3d5/2 XPS spectrum displays broad peaks and has been fitted to two overlapped peaks at ca 307.2 eV and 309.2 eV. The low binding energy at 307.2 eV is attributed to the Rh017, and the high binding energy at 309.2 eV is ascribed to RhO218, demonstrating further Rh photodeposited on HKLBT possesses two chemical states. The result is good agreement with the HRTEM result. The spectrum for the Pt7/2 (Fig 3b) exhibits two major peaks with binding energies of ca. 70.8 and 72.3 eV, which are assigned to Pt0 and Pt0 with adsorbed oxygen(Pt0-Oads) based on th e previous report by kimi et al19.Photocatalytic water splitting activities of Pt/HKLB and Rh/HKLBT()Table 1 lists the rates of H2 and O2 on HKLBT loaded with different amounts of Pt-cocatalyst and Rh-catalyst by photodepositon method. As shown in table1, the photocataytic activity of HKLBT was improved by Pt or Rh loading. The highest hydrogen evolution rate was obtained when the amount of cocatalytsts was 0.3wt%, which reached the 2.0 times (Pt) and 1.2 times(Rh) of naked photocatalyst, indicating cocatalysts provide catalytic energetic sites for water splitting. Excess loading of cocatalysts caused a decrease of photocatalytic activitybecause the excessive Pt or Rh loaded on HKLBT would not only block the absorption to light photon but become the recombination centers of carriers as well20. Moreover, it is noteworthy that Pt loading enhanced unmistakably the photocatalytic activity of H2 evolution instead of O2 evolution, and the H2/O2 is also deviating from the stoichiometric ratio. Instead, the photocataytic O2 production is considerably promoted by Rh loading and the ratio of H2 to O2 is close to 2, when the amount of Rh loading is 0.3 wt%.If photocatalytic reaction occurred, the photocatalytic materials not only need to meet requirement of energy, but also have enough activity sites for H2 and O2 evolution. Generally, during an overall water splitting reaction, active sites of O2 evolution are more important than that of hydrogen evolution, due to high overpotential of O2 evolution of photocatalyst4. It has been reported, some metal oxides cocatalysts, such as RuO2, IrO2, are good candidates as cocatalysts for enhancing O2 evolution by reducing the overpotential of O2 evolution9,21. Valds er al22also reported that the overpotentials of O2 evolution on RuO2, IrO2 and RhO2 were relative low (2 evolution from the surface of the photocatalysts. In our study, Pt0 particles photocdeposited on HKLBT only function as activity sites for H2 evolution, while the activity sites for O2 evolution are insufficiency as well. In contrast, Rh species loaded on HKLBT was not only reduced by electrons to Rh0, but oxidated by holes to RhO2, which is benefit to O2 evolution.To further demonstrate the effect of RhO2 on O2 evolution, the photocatalytic O2 evolution of HKLBT, Pt/HKLBT and Rh/HKLBT in FeCl3 aqueous solution was carried out(Fig 4). As shown in Fig4, It can be clearly observed that the photocatalytic O2 evolution of Rh/HKLBT is higher than that of both Pt/HKLBT and naked HKLBT, indicting that RhO2 functions as an O2 evolution plugger indeed23.ConclusionThe Rh oxide (RhO2) was loaded on HKBT by in suit photodeposition method without heat-treatment. Compared to Pt, the Rh oxide on the surface of the HKLBT is able to enhance the photocatalytic O2 evolution, and the ratio of H2 to O2 is stoichiometric ratio (H2/O2=2). The enhancement of O2 is due to the decrease of overpotential of O2 evolution by means of RhO2. The present work is also provi ding a possibility without heat-treatment to load metal oxides on photocatalyst with low heat stability for overall water splitting.AcknowledgementsThis work was supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (2012AA051501), the National Key Basic Research and Development Program (2009CB220000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51072116) and the International Cooperation Project of Shanghai municipal Science and Technology Commission (12160705700).Reference1 A Kudo , Y Miseki. Chemical Society Reviews 38 (2009) 253-2782 X Chen, S Shen, L Guo, S Mao, Chemical freshen up 110 (2010) 6503-65703 K Maeda, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C Photochemistry Reviews 12 (2011) 237-2684 M Kanan, D Nocera, Science 321 (2008) 1072-10755 Z Fang, D Dixon, Journal of Physical Chemistry C 117( 2013) 3539-35556 A Vojvodic, J Nrskov, Science 334 (2011) 1355-13567 Y Li, Z Liu, L Liu, W Gao, Journal of American Chemical Society 132 (2010) 130 08-130158 T Townsend, N Browning, F Osterloh. 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Journal of Physical Chemistry C 116 (2012) 3161-317022 Valds, J Brillet, M Grtzel, H Gudmundsdttir, H Hansen, H Jnsson, P Klpfel, G Kroes, F Formal, I Man, R Martins, J Nrskov, J Rossmeisl, K Sivula, A Vojvodic, M Zch, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 14 (2012) 49-7023 A Iwase, H Kato, A Kudo, Applied Catalyisi B Environmental 136-137 (2013) 89-93Fig 1 UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra of naked HKLBT, Pt/HKLBT and Rh/HKLBTFig 2 TEM images of Rh/HKLBT (a) and Pt/HKLBT (b)Fig 3 XPS spectra for Rh 3d and Pt 4f of 0.3 wt%Rh/HKLBT and 0.2wt%Pt/HKLBTTable 1 Photocatalytic overall water splitting on Pt/HKLBT and Rh/HKLBTCo-catalystLoading content(wt%)Gas evolution (molh-1)aH2O2H2/O2 rationone122.833.73.6Pt0.1163.4051.93.2Pt0.3242.772.53.3Pt0.5210.872.92.9Rh0.1133.539.03.4Rh0.3146.167.92.1Rh0.565.331.22.1Photocatlaytic reaction conditions 50 mg catalyst, 250 W high pressure Hg lamp (200 nm), 60 ml pure watera Average rate of H2 and O2 in 4 h Fig 5 Photocatalytic O2 evolution from FeCl3 aqueous solution over naked HKLBT, Pt/HKLBT and Rh/HKLBT (30 mg catalytst, 250 W high pressure Hg lamp, 60 ml 0.05 mol/L FeCl3 )

Xander Harris Speech :: essays research papers

Hes a lanky fellow, dark-haired and self-effacing. He uses sarcastic humor to hide his insecurity (no ones told him it doesnt work). unconstipated when hes being chased by a 100 feet serpent, he still manages to find the humor in the situation. Hes been in a complicated love triangle and lives to tell about it. A friend, lover and slayerette......Hes Xander Harris. Good afternoon/morning Ms. Rosteing and fellow students. As you can see, my speech is on Xander Harris. If you dont watch "Buffy the Vampire orca", which you should because its the vanquish show on TV, youre probably thinking, "who the hell is Xander Harris?". Well for the next 3-4 minutes sit back, relax and get ready for a "goofy" well time (as Xander would say). His full name is Alexander LaVelle Harris. Hes 17 and hails from Sunnydale with its renown Hellmouth. Mishap after mishap, Xander is always there with a witty remark or good story joke. Xander is not exactly popular -- with the guy s or the girls. Hes the class clown and has much more important things to do than study homework -- namely study girls. He hangs out with Buffy Summers (this generations slayer), Willow Rosenburg and Oz otherwise known as the "Scooby Gang". Hes been friends with Willow as long as they can remember. Before Buffy came along, it was just him, Willow and Jesse, his best friend. When Buffy showed up in Sunnydale, Jesse was turned into a vampire and he fell for everyones favorite slayer. Buffy joined their group, and with her, they started hanging out in the library with Giles, Buffys watcher. In call of relationships, this is where it gets a little complicated. At the beginning of the show, Xander fell instantly in love with Buffy. But at the time, Xander and Willow were best friends, and Willow had a kempt crush on the X-man. So there was this love triangle deal going, and the fact that Buffy had no interest in Xander made it one big unrequited love angst-fest. Cordelia was on e of the popular girls, and treated Buffy, Willow, and Xander like little bugs that you want to squash as soon as you see them. Needless to say, there was some honorable animosity between Cordelia and the others, but through bad luck and circumstance, she discovered Buffys secret. This became a major source of frustration for everybody, especially when Cordy was trapped in a basement with Xander, and their intense dislike for each other created some sort of twisted bond, resulting in a steamy kiss and a topsy-turvy relationship.

Essay --

My background is a traditional literacy as I started with my research papers with arguments and making a point and the following years with typography an essay or a term paper and other academic formal papers each week and finally I have learned the truth that I did not love this activity, scarce it has taught me how to think in an organized manner. But reading taught me how to be a better writer and the fearsome part is that technology contributed a major part to hone my reading and writing skills. I have learned to rely on the Internet for my researches and I knew that I could write creatively, or express my own opinion, in a manner more persuasive than working on it using the traditional literacy methods. victimization the computer before was introduced to me as a tool for erudition by instructional games and computer programs, but as times passed the use of the computer for learning became the available tool for me that have cultivated my love for reading and writing. Bl ogging is writing which is a fun and great way to encourage creativity without any concealment rules for a contemporary student like me that is full of emotions, arguments and ideas that I cannot express in formal academic writing. Integrating new literacy particularly technologically into the classroom is a smart move to implement a positive interaction with much gusto. At first, I thought that this major development would lead to my educations trend towards reading and writing even less, but the new approach to literacy keeps me happy and comfortable, and even make me do logical and cohesive writing. Blogging is a useful tool for my inability to think critically and write persuasively. I do believe though that there is value in the traditional as well as the new literacy... ...al literacy might change the way we write and who we interact with. 21st century literacy involves not only reading and writing competency, but also involves technological ability to effectively engage in a technologically advanced world. I have learned to analyze text substantially as well as analyzing multimedia such as images, sound and video, and understand how the appearance of print affects my understanding of ideas. My writing has become more sententious on the Internet as I have the choice of my writing style such as a blog and regularly communicate with my peers. As I see the different effects of brotherly media on all sectors of society, I also see a more disciplined future social media age and literacy activities by more students being aware of critical thinking in the decisions that they make in blogging or performing other forms of online written communication.